Children with capabilities, needs and different maturities based on the stages of age growth, method of life conditions and social texture of the place of residence have much more complex psychological needs than biological and physical needs. Though the urban environments, in addition to the adults have small and sharp children addresses which are more than adults under the effects of environmental variables, but the modern city does not know how to receive a child, and prefers to keep him/her in the protected places such as playground up to the age of encountering with the urban environment. Given this assumption that the urban spaces as a ground to grow children by meeting his/her needs help with his/her physical and social growth, this article tries to deal with the qualitative components of open spaces of cities such as: possibility of the free activity of child in connection with these spaces, the presence and importance of the nature, participation of children as citizens in design and using these spaces and redefining the supervision of adults on children in using these spaces.In total, these components cause the enhancement of interaction of child with the open spaces of cities. Finally, certain proposals are presented in line with the promotion of the quality of urban open spaces in interaction of child for Iranian cities, using the traditional architectural teachings and cultural background, recreation of the concept of view to children and also the enhancement of the quality of open spaces of cities as a child friendly places.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: urban green infrastructure, specifically green open spaces, is becoming increasingly significant in rapidly urbanizing areas. These spaces offer environmental, social, and economic advantages to urban ecosystems, thereby increasing community health and well-being. However, their economic value is often overlooked in urban planning. This study aims to conduct an economic valuation of green spaces by introducing the hedonic price model to equip decision-makers with a thorough and informed perspective.METHODS: A questionnaire created through Google Forms was distributed through a social media survey conducted from March to April 2021. The data collected from 1592 respondents in Jakarta were analyzed through a cluster analysis using the statistical package for social sciences software. The hedonic price model with ordinary least squares regression was adopted to create a valuation model for the green spaces in 42 districts and 239 sub-districts across the five administrative cities.FINDINGS: This study empirically shows that parks and urban forests increase land prices by 9.2, 17.1, and 19.2 percent, while cemeteries decrease them by 15 to 37.6 percent. Unlike most hedonic price model studies on the global north countries, which can be found in the literature, this work does not establish statistically significant relationships among urban forests, parks, cemeteries within a 0–500 meter radius, and land prices in Jakarta, but examines the economic value of green spaces, including their impact on land values and tax revenues. The land value increase is caused by the implementation of a beneficiary zoning levy within a designated impact zone of 0.5–2 kilometers. This study suggests policy implications, including the exploration of alternative financing mechanisms and the consideration of public preferences in urban development and financing policies.CONCLUSION: The applicability of the hedonic price model in Jakarta's mature and privatized land market is confirmed in this work, proving the importance of considering environmental factors and green spaces in land transactions and conversion, property development, conservation, and urban green space design. The results provide valuable information to policymakers, property developers, and land use planners, thereby preventing the undervaluation of green spaces and facilitating informed decisions on planning and public investment. urban and built environmental management can significantly benefit from these findings, particularly when considering the aspects of green space size, social functions, and ecosystem services to enhance Jakarta's planning and management practices.

Introduction: open spaces are the most important area of human social exchange, which may be affected by a wide range of factors. Encouraging individuals for being outdoor is one of the main factors for economic, social and political development in the cities. Studying and determining the limitations and climate hazards along with noticing their hidden ecological potentials in different seasons of the year should be taken into account for different provincial planning. It can also play a key role in urban and zone planning. For this reason, the objective of this research was the determination of the thermal comfort of people in Qom Province’ s outdoor. Meterial and methods: In this research, predicted mean score (PMV), equivalent physiological temperature (PET) and human thermal comfort in outdoors of Qom Province were analyzed. For this purpose, five parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, water vapor pressure and cloud coverage in three weather stations of Qom, Kahak, and Salafchegan were extracted in a 12-year period of time (2004-2017). The data were then transferred to RayMan software in different time scales and then PET and PMV were calculated and analyzed. Results and disscussion: Our analyses showed that climate comfort period in this province was limited to two separate periods, which is simultaneous with the transition of the warm period into a cold one or vice versa. This situation contains 7. 92% of the year; the first period is during April and May, while the second period occurs in October. These months were the best times for environmental activities in Qom Province. Because of geographic variety and topographic distribution, the inconsistency of the thermal situation can be clearly observed in this research. Mountainous places were faced with cold tensions in 50. 27% of the year and low altitude places were faced with warm tensions in 51. 63% of the year. Monthly analysis showed that the limiting factors of thermal comfort in the central and eastern part of the province were medium and high thermal tensions in May, June, January, August, and September, while the only limitation of mountainous cities was the cold tensions happening in November, December, January, February, and March. The results showed that the effects of altitude and topographic distribution caused climate variations in this zone, which makes every ecological climate situation possible to happen in Qom province. Conclusion: Results of this research showed that the output of eco-climate factors of PET and PMV has the capability of clarifying comfort and discomfort periods in Qom Province. Besides minor differences, it can present homogeneous phenomenon of comfort climate in this city and provide better information for planning and management purposes. In general, according to different methods, factors, and data analysis, an integration of different factors should be considered to achieve our goals.

Introduction: In Iran, there has not been much research and study on the effects of macro-scale climatic factors (especially in the cold climate and cold season); only a few studies on the mental senses of people in urban open spaces have been used in this climate. Is. Therefore, in this paper, we try to investigate the factors affecting cold weather in the cold season in urban streets by examining the thermal comfort index (PMV) and introducing ways to balance the comfort with physical intervention. Methodology This study is carried out for typical winter conditions in Chamran Street in Kermanshah (34. 19 N latitude and 47. 7 E) located in the Iran. The climate of this city is cold and mountainous. In this article, February 11 was considered as one of the coldest days of the year (one of the most critical days of the year) to study. The case study has width of 40 meters with a East-West orientation. The height of buildings is between 3 and 39 meters. The ground floor use of this street is mainly commercial and the major materials used in the facade of the buildings, stone and brick, on the floor of the mosaic and concrete Street and in the middle street reflection are also stones. The shadow projection and the Calendar of Climate Needs for Kermanshah City show that there is a need for radiation in the coldest days of the year (from mid-October to March). Therefore, providing sunlight is very necessary. In April, you will need both radiation and shadows. In the months of May to September, shade is needed. Therefore, urban spaces should be designed in a way that meets the needs of people in all seasons. . Several tools were used to collect climatic parameters. In this study, we used an anemometer to measure the wind, and to measure the temperature humidity, humidity and spherical temperature from a multi-function data logger. (Table 1). In order to measure physical parameters, the instruments were placed at a height of 1. 5 m above the ground plane on a stack in the areas under study. The study area was selected according to the variation in the enclosure of several points to investigate and measure the climate parameters. All points were monitored at 5-minute intervals on February 11. . Multi-function data logger measurements with 30 second intervals were automatically recorded from 9-17. Other measurements were done manually due to lack of data logger. This interval is chosen because the greatest number of people in the urban space occurs at this interval In this research, the model of the standard Ashrae 55 is used. This climate model is used to calculate and simulate climate variables in urban space with regular grids accuracy of 0. 5 to 10 meters. Discussion: Observations show that PMV has changed tremendous in comparison to the existent situation, and comfort zone have changed over the course of time, but Tmrt has not changed much. In the intervention, this article did not change much in the mean radiant temperature, but the thermal comfort index has changed considerably. As a result of decreasing a building with two feedback 3-meter and 4 meters in height, the PMV at 9 o'clock from a relatively cold zone to cold zone and has reached to comfortable zone at 10-12 o'clock. Between 13 and 15, the most change is observed, with the PMV zone changing from very cold to cool and relatively cold. Therefore, based on the studies conducted on the basis of studies carried out, in the temperature at 45° to 56° , the street of Chamran is in the comfort zone. Therefore, the design of the spaces should be such as to obtain the highest amount of solar radiation, in order to improve the comfort of the spaces. Therefore, it is suggested that in the future development plan of the city, it should be proposed in the South Front building, to feedback for buildings above 24 meters Because the best way to improve the comfort of Chamran Street in winter is having a 30-32° shadow angle, which PMV will have the best of situation. . Conclusions: Recent studies have shown that the closure of urban canyons affect on the microclimate at the street level. This study, Thermal Comfort in an urban Street Cold Region Calculated by using physics parameters and evaluation personal variables. This study also had the goal to Calculated Thermal Comfort in an urban Street Cold Region by software was able to evaluated outdoor thermal perception, One of the output data of ENVI-met is the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), a thermal comfort index based on a 7-point scale ranging from-3 to +3. This study has examined techniques in responding sufficiently to the urban geometry characteristics, such as H/W ratio and SVF. So, by analyzing field survey and existent and proposed simulation the following results were obtained: 1-To determine the effect of solar radiation on the amount of thermal comfort, the relationship between SVF and PMV is investigated in different locations that are analyzed. In the study area, sections have more opening (higher SVFs) have more potential for solar access in winter, and this improves the comfort of people 2-Based on the simulation carried out on the model, the desired intervention is affected by many changes in the climate and the thermal comfort of the outdoor space. The mean radiant temperature under the influence of some components is significant changes, including the vegetation added to The site is designed to reduce the radiant temperature, which reduces the comfort of people during cold weather. So, reducing the height of high-rise buildings on the street can have an impact on improving the comfort of the street.

Despite its social and physical role as the interface between the dwelling and the urban fabric, recent housing policies have somewhat neglected the residential open space putting emphasis on responding to the existing housing shortage. Summarizing the results of a research project conducted for defining "the design principles for child-friendly and elderly-friendly residential areas", the article enumerates guidelines for design of new facilities or rehabilitation of existing residential open spaces for increased accessibility, security, and dynamicity.  

The husseiniye is a religious place in Shia Islam, where the mourning ceremony of Imam Hussein (PBUH) and the martyrs of the Battle of Karbala is mainly held. Apparently, the husseiniye has come into existence as an extension of the structures of the mosque and religious places such as the zaviye and the tekiye and as a result of integration and reproduction of parts of their structures and functions. Many concepts have been lost in the design of the contemporary husseiniye as a single building, which is open to the public only in the months of Muharram and Safar. The husseiniye and the tekiye are among the entities that are responsible for the important celebration of the Battle of Karbala. Sanctuaries have always had a particular status as internal organs of any city or village, and religious buildings have always been regarded as one of the most fundamental components of the fabric, structure, and shape of a city. Therefore, the mosques, religious buildings, worship centers, and social and cultural centers in a city constitute a long-standing identity that can never be separated from its social and urban structure. Moreover, man is a social being, and needs social interactions and communication with others. urban spaces play a significant role in the realization of this characteristic, and the courtyards of mosques and religious places such as the husseiniye are among these spaces. The Iranian husseiniye or tekiye is a symbol of the link between time, place, and people, with an identity distinct from that of public places with the same function in other countries due to its quality as an urban space. It is also unique as the only open urban space with a religious function in the Islamic urban development culture. Given the cultural characteristics of our country, particularly the role of Islam and religious beliefs in Iranians’ national and social identity, the necessity of investigating the physical qualities of the husseiniye seems obvious. The purpose of this research was to recognize the effect of the Ashura rituals on the configuration of the city of Na'in, Iran based on the pathway pattern. On that basis, it can be stated as the research hypothesis that the pathway pattern of the groups of Ashura mourning, routinely held in the city, has such a significant effect on the formation and spatial organization of the city and locations of the husseiniye buildings that it cannot be disregarded in their analysis. According to what was stated, the research question concerns the aspects of the social and religious identification by the rituals in Na'in. Therefore, we conducted a structured study of seven husseiniye buildings in Na'in to examine the physical indicators of the husseiniye and their adaptation to the factors influencing the formation of buildings as open urban spaces and to analyze human pathay in the husseiniye using the pathway pattern. The research results indicate that the factors effective on consideration of open religious places like the husseiniye as open urban spaces include the general quality of convenience and communication with the surrounding passages, multiple entrances, the interaction established between the people, and urban life spirit. Thus, Nowgabad Mosque has the greatest number of alternative pathway patterns with six entrances, and the Husseiniye of Gowdalu has the lowest with two entrances. Better recognition and employment of the principles for design of such spaces, including location, flexibility in form and function, and rich symbolic concepts, can greatly contribute to persistence of the physical expression of a culture in the environment and identification of the Iranian city.

Tourism has a positive effect on the economic, cultural and political development of a country by increasing income, reducing the socio-psychological distance between nations and peoples, creating friendship, maintaining stability and strengthening the national image. Various factors contribute to the development of tourism. Among these factors, especially in the urban tourism sector, is the role of open urban spaces in attracting tourists. One of the most important factors affecting the perception and behavior of tourists in urban destinations is their mental image of those destinations. Few studies have addressed the mental image of tourists of open urban spaces. In this study, the role of the tangible dimension-artifact of open urban urban spaces in the mental image of tourists of these spaces was investigated by interviewing 24 domestic, repetitive and young tourists in Isfahan. In this qualitative study, content analysis was used and also purposeful sampling method was used to achieve data saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and field observations. Inductive content analysis was then used to analyze the collected data. The results show: 5 main categories were obtained from this study: functional richness, visual richness, uniqueness of physical elements, furniture and space elements and access and communication with space. This study showed that various tangible-artifact factors affect the mental image of tourists of open urban spaces. Based on the findings of this study, more research is needed on the mental image of tourists of open urban space.